Gender affirmation surgery, also known as gender confirmation surgery or gender reassignment surgery, refers to a range of surgical procedures that can be performed to help people who identify as transgender or nonbinary align their physical bodies with their gender identity. There are different types of surgical options to achieve this outcome, including procedures that alter the face, chest, or genitalia, such as:
- Facial reconstructive surgery to create more feminine or masculine facial features.
- Chest surgery (also known as "top" surgery), such as breast reconstruction, to alter breast tissue to appear more masculine or feminine.
- Genital surgery (known as "bottom surgery") to reconstruct and transform genitalia.
Possible procedures may include:
- Reduction of an Adam's apple
- Breast implants, breast reduction, or mastectomy
- Penectomy and orchiectomy (removal of penis and scrotum)
Oophorectomy and hysterectomy (removal of ovaries and uterus) - Metoidioplasty, phalloplasty, and scrotoplasty (construction of penis and scrotum)
- Feminizing genitoplasty (construction of labia and vagina)